How Are Passkeys Secure?

How Are Passkeys Secure?#

Passkeys are secure because they use public-key cryptography to authenticate users without exposing their private keys or relying on shared secrets like passwords. Moreover, they are bound to the domain they were created for. This prevents common security threats such as phishing, password theft, and credential stuffing.

Passkeys secure user authentication through public-key cryptography.
They are bound to the domain they were created for.
They eliminate the risks of phishing and password breaches.
Passkeys are stored securely on devices and cannot be easily extracted or compromised.

Understanding the Security of Passkeys#

Passkeys represent a significant advancement in the field of user authentication. Here's how they maintain high levels of security:

1. Public-Key Cryptography#

Public-key cryptography forms the backbone of passkey security. When a user registers a passkey with a service, two keys are generated:
- Private Key: Stored securely on the user’s device and never shared.
- Public Key: Shared with the service and used to verify the user's identity.
During authentication, the service sends a challenge to the user’s device. The private key signs this challenge, and the service verifies the signature with the public key. Since the private key never leaves the device, it remains safe from interception.

2. Protection Against Phishing#

Phishing relies on tricking users into providing sensitive information, such as passwords. Passkeys counter this by eliminating passwords entirely. Since authentication does not involve shared secrets and passkeys are bound to the original domain they were created for, phishing attempts become ineffective.
Even if an attacker mimics a legitimate service, they cannot gain access.

3. Resistance to Credential Theft#

Traditional passwords are often stored in databases, which can be breached. In contrast, passkeys are stored securely on the user’s device, often within a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) or Secure Enclave. These hardware components make it extremely difficult for attackers to extract private keys.

4. Prevention of Credential Stuffing#

Credential stuffing attacks leverage stolen username-password pairs across multiple sites. Passkeys render these attacks obsolete because the authentication process does not involve reusable credentials. Each service has a unique public-private key pair, meaning stolen information from one service cannot be used elsewhere.

5. Secure Device Enrollment and Recovery#

When setting up passkeys on a new device, modern platforms (e.g., iOS, Android) require multi-factor authentication, ensuring the process is secure. Additionally, recovery options often include biometric verification or secure cloud backups, further enhancing security.