What is FIPS 140-2? Understanding Cryptographic Security

Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2 is a U.S. government computer security standard used to accredit cryptographic modules. The standard specifies four levels of security, each providing a higher degree of protection. FIPS 140-2 ensures that cryptographic tools used by U.S. federal agencies and by contractors and vendors working with these agencies meet stringent requirements for securing sensitive government data.

Originally issued in 2001 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), FIPS 140-2 is critical for the protection against the compromise of several forms of data including sensitive but unclassified, personally identifiable information (PII), and protected health information (PHI).

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FIPS 140-2 addresses the requirements for cryptographic modules in terms of both hardware and software components. It's essential for securing various digital transactions and protecting communications across federal information systems.

• Level 1: Provides basic security. Ensures that the cryptographic module meets specified requirements for the security of algorithms and their correct implementation.
• Level 2: Introduces features like role-based access control (RBAC) and physical tamper-evidence to prevent unauthorized access.
• Level 3: Enhances security with features like identity-based authentication and physical tamper-resistance. Requires physical or logical separation to ensure that critical security parameters are not compromised.
• Level 4: Offers the highest form of security with robust resistance against physical environmental attacks and intrusion.

Achieving FIPS 140-2 certification involves rigorous testing to validate that cryptographic modules meet the exhaustive criteria set forth in the standard. This process is crucial for manufacturers of cryptographic modules who intend to sell their products for use in governmental communications.

• Trust and Assurance: Helps in building trust in cryptographic practices implemented within security systems, ensuring that sensitive data handled by the government is protected against adversaries.
• Market Access: Compliance with FIPS 140-2 is often a prerequisite to participating in government contracts involving sensitive data, making it essential for vendors targeting this market.
• International Recognition: Though a U.S. standard, FIPS 140-2 is recognized globally, influencing international markets and practices in cryptographic security.

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FIPS 140-2 certification involves a series of tests performed by accredited laboratories to ensure cryptographic modules meet strict security standards.

Any organization that manufactures, sells, or uses cryptographic modules within U.S. federal systems must comply with FIPS 140-2.

Compliance with FIPS 140-2 enhances security, builds customer trust, and enables participation in government and related contracts requiring high-level security of cryptographic modules.