What is Password Hashing?

Password hashing is a cybersecurity technique used to transform a plaintext password into a unique, fixed-size string of characters known as a password hash. This process, performed by a hashing algorithm, ensures that even if data breaches occur, the actual passwords remain concealed from attackers.

Password hashing is a one-way function, meaning it is computationally impossible to reverse the process and retrieve the original password from the hash. When a user logs in, the system hashes the entered password and compares it to the stored hashed password. If they match, access is granted. This method is important for safeguarding user information against theft and misuse, especially considering the increasing frequency of cyberattacks and data breaches.

While password hashing enhances the secure storing of passwords, it should be used in conjunction with other security measures, like encryption and multi-factor authentication, for comprehensive protection.

---

The transition from storing passwords in plaintext to using hashed passwords marks a significant advancement in digital security. Password hashing is essential for any system that uses password-based user authentication, as it minimizes the risk associated with storing sensitive data. Here's how password hashing contributes to a secure digital environment:

• Mitigating Data Breach Impact: Even if attackers gain access to a database, hashed passwords do not directly expose user credentials.
• Preventing Password Reuse Attacks: Hashing makes it difficult for attackers to exploit the common practice of password reuse across multiple platforms, since the hashes are different on different platforms if combined with salting and peppering.

To combat sophisticated attack strategies like dictionary attacks and rainbow tables, security experts recommend salting and peppering passwords before hashing them.

• Salting adds a unique, random string to each password, ensuring that identical passwords result in different hashes.
• Peppering involves adding a secret value to the password before hashing, providing an additional layer of security.

While many hashing algorithms exist, modern security practices favor those designed to be slow and computationally intensive, such as Argon2id, to resist brute-force attacks. The choice of algorithm is crucial in maintaining the integrity and security of user data.

---

Password hashing is a cybersecurity technique used to transform a plaintext password into a unique, fixed-size string of characters known as a password hash.

A "hashed password" / "hash" is the output of password hashing, so the unique, fixed-size string of characters that can't be computationally reversed to obtain the password.

• Password hashing secures user data by transforming passwords into cryptographic hashes, making it extremely difficult / impossible for unauthorized parties to reverse-engineer the original password.

• While theoretically more secure, hashed passwords can still be vulnerable to attacks like brute-force or dictionary attacks. However, techniques such as salting and peppering significantly increase the complexity and security of hashed passwords.

• Salting is crucial because it ensures that even if two users have the same password, their hashed passwords will be different, preventing attackers from using precomputed hash tables to crack passwords.

• Peppering adds an extra layer of security by incorporating a secret value into the password before hashing. Unlike a salt, which is stored in the database, a pepper is kept secret, making it harder for attackers to crack the hash even if they have access to the database.